“I spent most of my time being a high-class
muscle-man for Big Business, for Wall Street and for the Bankers. In short, I
was a racketeer, a gangster for capitalism.”
- Major General Smedley Darlington Butler
(1881-1940) in his book “War is a Racket” (1935).
The ending of the 20-year-war in Afghanistan,
the longest ever engagement in a single conflict by the United States armed
forces, has been variously described as a “catastrophe”, a “disaster” and a
“debacle”. Yet this national failure from which parallels have been drawn with
the Vietnam War has not had the same ring of misfortune for some. Indeed, long
before the recent scenes of calamity and collapse in Kabul brought home with
resounding finality the futility of a supposed nation-building exercise, the
profit-motive for the initial US invasion and the preservation of an enduring
occupation was an open secret to anyone who bothered to embark on the slightest
inquiry. The gravy train of American defence spending was in full effect,
facilitated by the tentacles of what US President Dwight D. Eisenhower
prophesied would become the Military Industrial Complex. For the last two
decades have witnessed what has been described as a “wealth transfer from US
taxpayers to military contractors”. But
the war, apart from confirming Afghanistan’s reputation as the “Graveyard of
Empires”, also validates the phrase coined by US Major General Smedley Butler
that war is a racket.
The blame game
currently being played out in the United States media by the political class
risks obscuring one fundamental issue: the centrality of money and the profit
motive in the waging of America’s two-decade-long war in Afghanistan.
The invasion of
that country had been planned well in advance of the attacks of September 11th,
2001, the event which provided the impetus for mounting a military response
including the country's occupation. The United States has long coveted gaining
access to the mineral and oil rich Caspian region and Central Asia, and the
coming to power of the fundamentalist Islamic Taliban movement was not seen at
the time by US policy makers as an impenetrable obstacle.
As the French
writers Jean-Charles Briscard and Guillaume Dasquie wrote in their book
Forbidden Truth: U.S.-Taliban Secret Oil
Diplomacy and the Failed Hunt for Bin Laden, which was published in 2002,
the American government had been prepared to accept Taliban rule on condition
that they agreed to the construction of an oil pipeline across Central Asia.
Thus, it was
that in February 2001, the administration headed by George W. Bush entered
talks with the Taliban, a group which along with al-Qaeda had germinated from
the remnants of the local and foreign recruited anti-Soviet Mujahideen
insurgents which had been supported by the American during the Afghan-Soviet
War of 1979-1989. At one point during the negotiations, noted Briscard, the US
representatives told the Taliban, ‘Either you accept our offer of a carpet of
gold, or we bury you under a carpet of bombs’.”
The invasion of
Afghanistan which commenced in October 2001, and which led to the overthrow of
the Taliban two months later formally inaugurated the war that was ended by
this month’s American withdrawal and the swift capitulation of the US-trained
Afghan military.
“Operation
Enduring Freedom” was described as a “police action”, but it had decidedly
mixed results. While the Taliban was overthrown and several Islamist training
camps were overrun and their inhabitants apprehended, the main objective of the
operation, the capture of Osama Bin Laden did not come to pass. Furthermore,
the Taliban remained as a guerrilla force whose control of territory would
increase with the passage of time.
It is against
this background that the colossal waste of American taxpayer’s money and the
corresponding enrichment of American military contractors, as well as members
of the Afghan elite can be documented.
The cover for
this was the stated goal of “nation building”. In other words, Afghanistan was
to be transformed socially and economically into a modern progressive society
which would exhibit the panoply of Western values through the creation of
strong democratic institutions, the equal treatment of females, as well as a
free market economy.
But evidence of
the waste of American taxpayers’ money eventually surfaced.
In 2015
ProPublica, an independent investigative news concern unveiled a report which
revealed that the United States had blown $17 Billion through a
number of uncompleted projects. There was the story of patrol boats which never
left the factory and of planes which could not fly. After the Special Inspector
General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR) ruled that the planes, which
cost $486 million, were a “death trap”, 16 of the planes were sold as scrap for
a total of $32,000.
The report
referred to many more including the $14.7 million spent on a storage facility
for the military, which was never used, a $456,000 police-training facility
that disintegrated owing to poor construction, as well as a $335,000 unused
power plant. It is worth reminding that waste is not an uncommon issue with the
Military Industry given the debacles surrounding the development of the F-35
fighter jet and the Zumwalt Class naval warships.
The issue of
accountability of these wastages were never satisfactorily addressed by
Congress, the Department of Defense, the State Department and SIGAR.
The following
year, the fifteenth of the conflict, it was estimated that the war had cost the
American taxpayer more than $737 billion and was consuming another $4 million
per hour, every day that it continued. The most recent estimates put the total
cost at $2.26 trillion which divides into $300 million per day over the 20-year
period of occupation.
And who
profited from all this? The answer is the Military Industrial Complex; the
“network of individuals and institutions involved in the production of weapons
and military technologies” that typically lobby lawmakers for increased
military spending. They consist of former senior ranking members of the US
armed forces, former defence secretaries and a range of companies including
Lockheed Martin, Boeing, Raytheon, Northorp Grumman, and General Dynamics.
Needless to
say, the value of stock in each of the corporations has increased to
extraordinary levels given not only the duration of the Afghan war but also
interventions in countries such as Iraq, Libya, Syria as well as the ongoing
policy of expanding NATO and ratcheting tension with Russia after the departure
of Boris Yeltsin and the coming to power of his successor Vladimir Putin.
For instance, a
purchase of $10,000 worth of stock in 2001 is worth an estimated $133,559 in
Lockheed Martin; $129,645 in Northrop Grumman; $107,588 in Boeing; $72,516 in
General Dynamics; and $43,167 in Raytheon. Unsurprising among the board members
benefiting financially from this are an array of admirals and generals who held
positions such as the Chief of Naval Operations and Chairman of the Joint
Chiefs of Staff. Many names may not be familiar to the public although the name
of James Mattis, a former marine corps general who served as a Secretary of State
for Defense stands out.
The
interlocking and interdependent structure of interests results in a revolving
door culture of former military men becoming paid lobbyists and media pundits.
The industry is also aided by an array of think tanks and members of congress
who receive campaign donations from military contractors and the energy
industry.
It is not hard
to see therefore why US military intervention has been consistently encouraged
and why specifically the war in Afghanistan was allowed to endure for so long:
it is clear that the war provided a corporate welfare program for both the
defence and chemical industries. The contractors benefited from the numerous
projects including those designated as white elephants, while the chemical
industries were keen to benefit from the exploitation of Afghanistan’s
rare-earth minerals.
When in 1961
President Dwight Eisenhower warned about the “unwarranted influence” by the
then burgeoning Military Industrial Complex in his farewell address to the
American nation, he might as well have been referring to the conduct the Afghan
war. He clearly foresaw the threat it could pose to America’s “economic,
political (and) even spiritual” wellbeing.
So far as the
corruption of America’s political institutions is concerned, Michael J.
Glennon, a Tufts University professor has identified what he terms the
“Trumanite” institutions of government, in contrast to the “Madisonian”
institutions of state governance prescribed by the American constitution, which
consist of an unaccountable collection of former military, intelligence and law
enforcement offices whose influence has been pervasive enough to guarantee that
America’s national security policy, one of consistent militarism, has
essentially remained unchanged through successive
presidential administrations.
On the economic
front, an earlier speech given by Eisenhower in April 1953 which was dubbed the
“Chance for Peace” speech, gives illumination to the claim that the Afghan War
can be characterised as a “wealth transfer from US taxpayers to military
contractors”.
Eisenhower said
that “every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired
signifies, in the final sense, a theft from those who hunger and are not fed,
those who are cold and are not clothed.”
His words could
be extrapolated to mean in present terms that the excesses of the military industry
in its ruthless extraction of taxpayer’s money, has taken away the opportunity
to get rid of student debt, to tackle homelessness, alleviate poverty, put
young people through college and increase spending on scientific research.
The same could
be said of Afghanistan, the focus of a “nation building” project. Despite the
colossal amount of money directed to the country, in 2015 the World Justice
Project ranked the country at 111 out of 113 on the Rule of Law Index. Not only
had the goal of creating a more ethical society with strong political
institutions failed, it scored poorly in the areas of corruption and the
operating of a criminal justice system.
Government
services ranging from the prison system to the education system were found to
be inadequate or poor. Roads were not built, sub-contractors not paid as indeed
were a range of low-tier servants of the state including the police. This meant
that to gain an income of sorts, members of the Afghan police were reduced to
kidnapping people and then ransoming them to their families.
In Afghanistan,
illiteracy and poverty reigned. The money pouring in from the United States
stopped at the corrupt elites with a connection to the Afghan government and
the US military. Fabulously wealthy Afghans who were invariably government
officials of the US sponsored regime who owned ostentatious mansions and
castle-like edifices in the upmarket districts of Kabul preferred to rent out
the properties to expatriate contractors and corporate employees while they lived
in parts of Pakistan and in Dubai.
“War is a
racket”, wrote Smedley Butler. “It always has been. It is possibly the oldest,
easily the most profitable, surely the most vicious. It is the only one
international in scope.” These words must surely resonate with any objective
bystander when examining the US occupation of Afghanistan.
But any form of
national self-examination must necessarily go further than the usual grind of
political scorekeeping between the two major parties. For the wars waged by the
United States have all had bipartisan approval. Those media figures identified
with the “liberal left” are complicit in the militarism that has characterised
the post-Cold War era. They subscribe to the doctrine of so-called
“humanitarian wars” which fit hand-in-glove with the war agenda constantly
pushed by the Military Industry.
This is also
true of figures in the Democratic Party establishment. For while Democratic
Party Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, theatrically tore up her copy of
President Donald Trump’s State of the Union address in 2020, she rose to applaud
Trump’s expression of support for the US puppet Juan Guaido, the man who was
being used by the US National Security State in an attempt to overthrow the
legitimate government of Venezuela.
Given this
background, it would be difficult to proffer that the expensive foreign adventures
of the money-seeking Military Industry will end with the humiliating withdrawal
of the United States from Afghanistan. Some neoconservative figures are already
calling for a redeployment of resources towards applying military pressure
against Iran, while efforts aimed at confronting China in the Pacific have been
steadily increasing. The American public must, as Eisenhower warned, “guard
against” this constant promotion of a war agenda by the combination of Wall
Street and military contractors’ who surely have long inherited the mantle of
Basil Zaharoff, the notorious Greek arms dealer and industrialist who came to
be known as the “merchant of death”.
As the
political scientist Chalmers Johnson once noted:
When war becomes the most profitable course of
action, we can certainly expect more of it.
© Adeyinka
Makinde (2021).
Adeyinka
Makinde is a writer based in London, England.
